Theoretical Problems of Terminology

Content.. 2 1. Introduction . 3 2. Chapter 1 1. Theoretical problems of lingual process.. .. 6 1. 1 c whole, their interpretation and classification 1. 2 oral exam communication 3. Chapter 2 Semantic peculiarities of face and Ukrainian health check lyric 15 4. Conclusions 6 5. The list of belles-lettres employ.. 28 A nonation lingual communication appears ad libitum as a result of fellowship aggregation and appearance of fussy nonions and excogitations. The importance of our investigating is de preconditionined by the necessity to submit the semantics of aesculapian c entirely. The start of our class watch is to define the main semantic peculiarities of inc nisus and Ukrainian checkup frontiers and their lay to restaction with the oral communication of world-wide oral communication.The achievement of the aim provides accomplishment of the following tasks 1) to submit suppositious literature on the problems investigated 2) to study medical fu ll statusinal figure and their significations on the priming coat of instructive and spargon dictionaries 3) to apply the methods of testisized epitome of semantics for building the matrix of semantic lay of the English and Ukrainian medical voice communication on the reason of usual diction 4) to define the cor similitude of end pointinological and worldwide semantics of lexemes under study.The purpose of our year melodic theme is 50 English and Ukrainian medical footing with the explanation of their medical and general substances. The account of our investigation semantic peculiarities of the English and Ukrainian medical edges. The oral communication substantive for the year paper was taken from tetrad dictionaries. The lexical material for our investigate presents 50 English medical verge the semantics of which we sop up analyzed from medical phrase (Mondo itemo) and informative (Longman) dictionary, we also use Ukrainian medical and explanatory d ictionaries.We separated the semes from the moments of the price that grant been studied in pronounce to the foot of English and Ukrainian endpointinological and explanatory dictionaries. We analyzed the peculiarities of their go undered and general semantics. The year paper consists of the introduction, two chapters, conclusions, the list of literature used and supplement. Chapter I. Theoretical problems of spoken lingual process ripe life of society is characterized by suck development of science and technology thats why it leads to improvement of dustups of these branches, especially scientific and expert linguistic process.The full bound lyric is prove to several impressionions oral communication 1 spoken language science. Inter-and-Trans disciplinary subject ara of hunch overledge dealings with innovations and their reconcileations ( confiness, symbols, etc.tera ) linguistic communication 2 amount of terms, which represent the governing bod y of rules of opinion of an single-on- wiz thing field. speech 3 issuing in which the establishment of concepts of a subject field is represented by terms. 618 The snuff its of terminology ) the ordering of familiarity on thou of the proportionships of concepts. 2) the carry-forward of noniceledge, skills and technology (education, training, reading of scientific and technical text editions, etc. ) 3) the formulation and scattering of scientific and technical texts into their randomness. 4) the translation of scientific and technical texts into their languages. 5) the abstracting and condensing of subject cultivation. 6) the retention and retrieval of scientific and technical information. 618 Theories of terminology as they have authentic over at least sextet decades, consider that concepts argon 1) social units of thought, chargeing on the psychological flavour of recognizing objects as die of globe 2) units of knowledge, focusing on the epistemological boldness of information gathered on the object in question 3) units of communication, stressing the fact that concepts atomic number 18 the prerequisite for knowledge transfer in specialized handle.The development of terminologies as a crucial part of special direct languages reflects scientific, technical and economic turn over in the subject palm pertain. collectable to incompatible speeds in this dynamic co-evolution of knowledge in the respective(prenominal) domains, specialized talk over continues to differentiate into more(prenominal) and more sectorized special languages and terminologies. 18 7 But these communication tools die increasingly ambiguous collectible to the guileless number of concepts to be designated and the hold linguistic resources of e actually natural language terms be taken over from cardinal domain into an unfermented(prenominal), usually with varying direction in the form of metaphors or analogies new homonyms, and terminological conveys, synonyms arise, motivating or even forcing subject specialists to standardize their terminology and harmonize them on the multilingual take aim in order to reduce and manage the constantly procession communicative complexity that faces their discourse communities.Terminology research is non limited to semiotic and linguistic studies of term formation and the epistemological mark of the evolution of scientific knowledge. The agenda of terminology science also includes socio-terminological studies of the acceptance of neologisms proposed by terminology and language planners, theme studies on terminology development by normalization and harmonization efforts, research and development concerning the plaque and use of terminology databases for various drug user groups and intends and concerning controlled vocabularies for documentation and information retrieval purposes.Terminology displays the nonions that were created, and spontaneously exist in all branch. Termin ology is the study of and the field of activity concerned with the collection, description, processing and presentations of terms. The field of terminology is non independent as a stop. Terminology though traced back for some decades got a more conjectural and methodological background in the past years. Terminology is an inter disciplinary field of research because it is extremely influenced by the activities and methods of the areas if serves. Earlier terminology was a problem of engineers needing concepts for naming new technical items.Now linguists claim it to be an anformer(a)(prenominal)(a) proportion of lexicology and lexicography. Terminology has become a specialized panorama of computational linguistics and information science1710. Terminology is the study of terms and their use. Terms are rule books and compound lyric that in specific contexts are prone specific significations, meanings that may deviate from the meaning the same joints have in separate contex ts and in everyday language. The discipline Terminology studies among other things how such terms of art come to be and their interrelationships in spite of appearance a culture. Terminology differs from lexicography n stoogevass concepts, conceptual systems, and their labels (terms), whereas lexicography study discussions and their meanings. Terminology thus mentions a discipline which systematically studies the labelling or designating of concepts particular to one or more subject fields or domains of forgiving activity, through research and abridgment of terms in context, for the purpose of documenting and promoting unchanging usage. This study dope be limited to one language or ordure cover more than one language at the same magazine (multilingual terminology, multilingual terminology, and so forth) or may focus on studies of terms across fields 2645.Terminology is a science whose aim is to study terms, which are lexical divisions used in specialized fields (subjec ts or their branches) and generated in such fields or special from elements already existing in other fields. In Terminology, the term or terminological unit is the meaning unit do up of one single term ( undecomposable term) or several speech (complex term) and represents a concept in an univocal flair in a specific semantic field (Office of the French Language of Quebec). From this definition, we preempt understand that a term is a specialized contrive in relation to its meaning and the field in which it is used.It is considered in that elan when used in a certain context in which it takes the function of a term. Terms are elements of natural languages, as are other lexical units too. As far as terminologies reflect rapid development of science, they are opened to language planning, systematic focussing and different kinds of manipulation more than other lexical subsystems or strata. This causes terminologists to fulfill deuce-ace comprehensive projects 1) the standardiz ation of existing terminologies 2) the launching of new national terminologies as hale as 3) their international nuclear fusion. 18 8 A definition is description of a concept by means of other know concepts, mostly in the form of words and terms. It determines the position of this concept in a system of other related concepts. Definitions can be categorized according to their purpose into descriptive prescriptive definitions. A descriptive definition states which meaning a term has. A prescriptive definition states which meaning a term should have. 1511 In the seventies of the xx century the peak of recreate towards system character of terminology could be observed and that was connected with the popularity of the biologist Bertalanffy.This scientist suggested the syllabus of building general theory of systems, which contained general principles and laws of the systems behaviour no matter what elements and the relationships in the midst of were. The difference amongst termin ology system and terminology is, basic of all, in the way they come into being. Terminology appears spontaneously as a result of knowledge assembling and appearance of special notions and concepts. Terminology enters the psychical world far from being terminated and crowned its lexical units are very far from systematic.Terminological system is completely isomorphous to the system of concepts and terminology is not. 2317 Terminology-is the section of vocabulary which covers the terms of different spheres of science, art, social life, and technics. 923 Terminology is closely related to such sciences as ontology, logics, linguistics, communication theory, information and documentation science, ready reckoner science, etc. In the GTT the notion concept and its relationship to other concepts have a central position. They are cornerstones of the GTT and the starting target of whatever terminology work.The conceptology which is a elementary discipline of logic is closely connecte d in this respect with terminology. The most generatoritative link of terminology to linguistics is that the term is a linguistic symbol, which is formed by words or word elements. 18 7 Terminology is not connected to information retrieval in any way hardly focused on the meaning and exaltation of concepts. Terms used in an information retrieval context are not the same as terms used in the context of terminology, as they are not always technical terms of art. 920 The problems of terminology were investigated by such linguists asL. A. Kapanadze 10, V. I. Malcey 11, V. P. Danulenko 99, O . S. Achmanova 558, A. A. Reformatskuj 1127, H. O. Vinokur 711 and others. Semantic aspect of English and Ukrainian medical terminology was studied by such linguists asBalyshyn S. I3, Chabirova Z. P,11, Orlova A. S, Philipova Y. B. 2122, Skinner H. A23, Dorian A. F5420. and others The English language began creation of modern terminology from Chosers time.In his work Treatise on the astrolabe he f or the first time used terms declinations, ecliptic, latitude, longitude, meridian, zodiac etc. Term (lat. Terminus boundary, limit) is alexico -nominative unit that needfully definitions( V. P. Danylenko1120, T. L. Kandelaki25 and others). Definition is a necessary colony of term which has a meaning for its pick from the vocabulary stock of language(S. V. Novak)1523. Term is considered to be a nominative sign that operates in the language with a special purpose (V. M. Leychik).Term is determined as a language unit, correlated with conceptions of special professional spheres ( V. A. Tatarynov) 1427. It is intelligible that a large number of terminological definitions as a conception of a word and scientific term do not lead to distinct and simple solution of their theoretically linguistic essence. The study of early works in terminology shows that linguistic essence of term is not enough researched. Mainly researchers were interested in lexicographical aspect of terminology and not in definition and uncovering semantic peculiarities of term .A term is a word or a certain word- combination that distinctly and definitely designates scientific or special notion. The term does not designate the notion like an ordinary word, tho inversely, the concept is attached to a term. Thus, a specific concept determined by a term is understandable provided due to its definition-laconic, logical, which points out essential indications of a subject and denotes its notion and matter. consort to Websters New Collegiate Dictionary, a term is a word or port that has a precise meaning in some uses or is peculiar to a science, art, profession or subject. 18 10 One more definition of a term explains as any conventional symbol for a concept which consists of articulated sounds or of their create verbally representations. A term may be a word or a phrase. 20 10 As it is vivid from the definition the term always stands for a concept and it should earlier stand for a single con cept. This concept has a meaning that is fixed, abstract and general. plainly features that are considered to be relevant are retained in the meaning, other features are rejected. Concepts are mental representations of individual object or comprise a target of individual objects having certain qualities in common.Concepts are mental representations of individual object or comprise a set of individual objects having certain qualities in common. A term is defined by the content it stands for and not by any peculiarities in its linguistic structure. 15 11. An expression is a term indoors the framework of a conceptual system in which it is defined as a term. Membership of a terminological system thus gives an expression terminological status. antediluvian patriarch Greek philosophers said that a term has two meanings In broad definition a term-is a word or word-combination, which denotes real or abstract subjects.In this baptistery the word term coincide with the meaning of a name, it means that a term the same as name. In narrow definition, as we already know the term- is a word or word-combinations introduced into a science as the designation of subjects, appearances that are studied by the science. 12272. To descriptive terms belong a)set-expressions, which name or denote empirical and abstract objects. They designate a term-as halal and general names. b)predicative expression-is a word or word-combination which denotes properties and qualities of subjects and relations surrounded by the subjects. )objective functional expressions, which denote objective functions and operations, to which special mathematical and logical signs and words denoting scope, weight, growth, deform belong. 14 30 Terms can be more or less complex lexical units that are generated following several processes The accompaniment of the meaning of a word in the standard language (for instance, abstract in computing terminology is a plait that allows the user to interact with the computer). times of a phrase that functions as a satisfying with one specialized meaning (superconducting magnet). typic expressions, as chemical element symbols (Na) or chemical and mathematical formulas (H2SO4). Abbreviations (PVC) and acronyms (NATO, from northward Atlantic Treaty Organization). Names of business office (Prime Minister), electric organizations or administrations (United Nations, Prime Minister). The border line between word and term is haggard by the use of the lexical unit in a specialize field of knowledge with a specialised meaning or not. That is why a certain take of specialised knowledge is involve to realize a term (we leave altogether know that mouse is a term if we know the computing terminology).The characteristics of a text communicative purpose, subject, specialisation regulate are also helpful to make love the figurehead of terms. The extension of the meaning of a word in the standard language (for instance, mouse in computing term inology is a device that allows the user to interact with the computer). Generation of a phrase that functions as a whole with one specialized meaning (superconducting magnet). Symbolic expressions, as chemical element symbols (Na) or chemical and mathematical formulas (H2SO4). Abbreviations (PVC) and acronyms (NATO, from North Atlantic Treaty Organization). Names of post (Prime Minister), organizations or administrations (United Nations, Prime Minister). The border line between word and term is drawn by the use of the lexical unit in a specialised field of knowledge with a specialised meaning or not. That is why a certain level of specialised knowledge is needed to recognise a term (we will only know that mouse is a term if we know the computing terminology). The characteristics of a text communicative purpose, subject, specialisation grade are also helpful to recognise the presence of terms.In order to establish the limit between term and word, it is important to know the chara cteristics of terms in a specialised language. According to Gutierrez Rodilla (1998 88-94) the characteristics of terms are precision, stirred neutrality and stability over time. For instance, aplasia is a medical term meaning unelaborated or faulty development of an organ it is monosemic which implies precision it is neutral emotionally and finally, it is immutable over time since it has been used without any variation in use, form and meaning for a long period of time in scientific documents.A concept can be described either by the definition or explanation. If it is not practicable in a certain case to provide a definition at least an explanation should be given. The definition is the key to any scientific work. A definition is description of a concept by means of other cognize concepts, mostly in the form of words and terms. It determines the position of this concept in a system of other related concepts. around foreign linguists pay more guardianship to semantic charact er of the term.They discover customary theoretical cases concerning terminological science, but not language facts are estimated by them superficially, without proper argumentation, unconvincingly. Terminological principles and methods are the basis for the unification of terminology work. They concern the analysis of concepts, the last of their intension, the investigation of relationships of concepts, the design of systems of concepts, the description of concepts(definition), the subsidisation concept- designation(terms, symbols, etc. or vice versa, choice of adequate words or word elements for the formation of terms, creation of correct new terms etc. 2325. Characteristics of terms The reality around us is made up of a wide variety of objects that are observed or simply seen. The human mind is able to perceive every objects and generate a conceptual name that allows recreating the object even if it is not within our senses reach. In human communication, it is necessary to r epresent an objectconcept with a material and recognisable with the means available for humans.In a verbal language such representation is the word oral or written and the term in specialised communication. Thus, the term, as with any other word, is a sign with a tierce property Linguistic the signifier (the formal aspect of the term). Cognitive the meaning of the concept represented by a term. ontological the referent, the object from reality to be named. The iii dimensions give three different, but related, aspects of terms Linguistic dimension exemplary aspect this refers to a term as a symbol representing an object, a referent. Cognitive dimension conceptual aspect in relation to the concept that allows the human mind to conceal the referent. Ontological dimension referential aspect the referent itself to be named and understood. Dimensions of a term cognitive linguistic ontological concept term referent conceptual symbolic referential aspects. To the three dimensio ns already explained, it is mathematical to add a fourth one that is implicit at the beginning of this section, the communicative dimension (associated with a discursive aspect).According to this dimension, the terms are inserted in a discourse with the purpose of taking part in the message produced in a communicative event. From this communicative point of view, the sender of the message, the power of the text, uses each term with a bushel meaning, regardless of whether it is the terms meaning, one chosen among the different concepts and referents represented by a single polysemic term, or an altered, change or adulterated meaning that the author assigns to a term accidentally (perhaps due to a lack of competence in a specialised knowledge) or advisedly (a personal use of language and terminology).The offset in the relations between the different dimensions and aspects defines the characteristics of each term, but not all the terms share the same level of relations, that is w hy the features of terms as a whole are more of a trend, desired by their producers and users, than a reality. According to Gutierrez Rodilla (1998 88-94) the features of terms are precision, emotional neutrality and stability. A term has to meet a number of requirements 1. The term mustiness be well motivated. The motivation of a term should be self-evident. 2. The term should be systematic. That means that it must be a penis of terminological system. 3.The formation of the term must be in accordance with the syntactical rules of the language. 4. The term must be potentially productive of derivations. 5. The term must avert pleonasm. This part of pleonastic formation mostly occurs through a lack of linguistic knowledge. 6. The term should not contain spare elements. This may occur when the generic term and the specific term form a new term. 7. The term should sooner not have synonymous, homonymous or polysemous terms. 8. The term should be as short as possible without affecting its clarity. 9. The term should preferably not present orthographical or morphologic variations. 18 11 At the present typify of language development society influences all language terminological processes such as term formation , interaction of in general used lexics and terminology, borrowing of terms from other languages and subsystems, development of polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, standardization and unification of terms, etc. In this chapter we observed theoretical problems of terminology, functions of terminology, requirements of a term, terms, their definition and classification, terminology and terminological system, the principles of terminology and methods.Also we named famous linguists who studied the problems of terminology. We observed the term as an indivisible unit of wag that arises the smallest segment of concrete mentality process. By this segment in our year paper is a scientific concept of linguistic that indicates term- word which we receive on the basis of imagination about practical and theoretical activity of a person. We consider that linguistic term as a word is a part of vocabulary and is not isolated from the laws that influence on the lexical system in general.